List and define two of the four implications of the stage concept, as noted by Flavell (1971)
What will be an ideal response?
Any two of the following four: (1) qualitative change, which means that a particular skill not only gets better, but also becomes different in quality or character, (2) concurrent change, which means that changes from stage to stage occur simultaneously for many concepts at once, (3) abrupt change, which means that children switch abruptly (not gradually) from one stage to the next, and (4) coherent organization, which means that children's behaviors and thoughts cohere as a sensible whole and are not random bits and pieces of independent units added together.
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Why is it unwise to conclude that if two variables are correlated, one must have caused the other?
a. Variables can never be measured with complete accuracy. b. Any single variable is bound to have multiple causes. c. Some unmeasured third variable might make them appear related when in fact they are not. d. It is impossible to conclude that two variables are related unless one can measure them perfectly.
The psychiatrist who first identified many of the defense mechanisms and assumed these mechanisms operated unconsciously was
Fill in the blank with correct word