Research on messages that hurt, conducted by Vangelisti and Crumley, found all of the

following EXCEPT:

A) There are three categories of reactions to messages that hurt: active verbal responses,
acquiescent responses, and invulnerable responses.
B) Romantic relationships are more damaged by hurtful messages than either family or
nonromantic, nonfamily relationships.
C) In general, informative messages that evoke pain have a more negative impact than an
accusation or comment about one's abilities.
D) People are more hurt by messages from nonfamily members than from family members.

D