Ryan's thinking is no longer restricted to personal experience as it was earlier in his life. Ryan is in the stage of

Kelly referred to his theory as a jackass theory because, in the theory, motivation is

a) due to biological drives. b) explained by environmental reinforcements. c) implied by human nature. d) instinctual in nature.

Fixed but false beliefs that cannot be reasoned or argued away are called:

a. hallucinations b. delusions c. rationalizations d. conclusions