The fact that few people can accurately describe a penny even though they have handled thousands of them is an example of __________
a) encoding failure
b) retroactive interference
c) proactive interference
d) elaboration failure
ANS: A, A lack of adequate attention at the time of encoding causes this phenomenon, called encoding failure.
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Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students' actual score and their estimated score showed that
a. the students consistently overestimated how well they had performed. b. the students consistently underestimated how well they had performed. c. the students with the lowest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores. d. the students with the highest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores.
Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of phases through which children's close friendships progress?
A) Play-based friends, intimate friends, and then loyal and faithful friends B) Parent-chosen friends, school friends, and then crowd- and clique-based friends C) Parent-chosen friends, true friends, and then activity-associated friends D) Play-based friends, loyal and faithful friends, and then intimate friends