________ refers to an extraneous variable attributable to the improper assignment of test units to treatment conditions

Mini-Case Question. In which of the following situations is Dow using a mixed channel system?

A) Instead of using salespeople, Dow uses manufacturer's representatives and brokers, and pays them a commission on every product sold. B) Retailers take over Dow's sales and point-of-purchase distribution in consumer markets, but distributors or dealers assume this responsibility in B2B markets. C) Dow uses primarily direct mail and catalog sales to market its products, but also uses telemarketing to target large customers. D) Dow distributes its products directly to customers in the innovation/technology segment but finds that use of wholesale distributors and dealers are more efficient in reaching the service quality segment. E) Dow uses manufacturers' representatives, sales agents, and brokers who assume the selling responsibility for the business and receive a commission when a sale occurs, but do not take title to the products.

Jose invested $2,000 in pre-tax income into this healthcare plan but lost the $780 unspent balance remaining at the end of the year. What type of plan was it?

A) health savings account B) flexible spending account C) health reimbursement arrangement D) fee-for service plan