All of the following may be causes of cardiogenic pulmonary edema EXCEPT:

a. dysrhythmias.
b. systemic hypertension.
c. congenital heart defects.
d. excessive fluid administration.
e. pulmonary embolism.

E
Pulmonary embolism may cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. All of the other listed options may cause cardiogenic pulmonary edema.