Motivation refers to a process within a person or animal that causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

Darwin argued that

a. emotional reactions are unrelated to states of arousal. b. people are unable to cognitively label the source of their arousal. c. some emotional expressions cross species boundaries. d. understanding an emotional experience must occur before arousal can occur. e. there is an infinite number of emotions for people throughout the world.

Rather than turning to other coping strategies, such as talking about his problems or even taking a walk to burn off steam, John smokes pot to reduce stress, anxiety, or sadness. This pattern of substance use is referred to as _______________

a. medicinal substance use b. addictive substance use c. social substance use d. experimental substance use