Alice is studying the following subjects in order: geography, sociology, and psychology. Which of these illustrates proactive interference?

a) She is able to use the same retrieval cues for all three subjects.
b) She recalls sociology material when trying to answer geography test questions.
c) Her performance on recall items on all tests exceeds her recognition performance.
d) When taking the psychology test, material from geography and sociology keeps coming to mind.

ANS: d