Open-ended questions are preferred over close-ended questions

Which of the following became an implication of the commerce clause that was upheld by the Supreme Court headed by John Marshall in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)?

A) The national government has repeatedly justified its regulation of almost all areas of economic activity. B) Both the national and state governments have equal powers that cannot be curtailed by the other. C) The trade between a state and its immediate neighbors has been left to the former's discretion. D) Both the national and state governments work as separate units. E) The state governments determines the power of the national government.

Theory is an explanation of reality based on:

a. Deductive reasoning b. The facts we observe c. Induction d. Carefully chosen case studies