Suppose a firm's short-run production function is given by Q = F(L) = 4L. If the wage rate is $12 and the firm has sunk costs of $300, then the firm's variable cost function is:

If the Fed wants to increase bank reserves, it can:

A. Buy bonds. B. Raise the discount rate. C. Raise the reserve requirement. D. Sell bonds.

Which European nation has kept its own currency and maintains a fixed value against the euro?

a. The United Kingdom b. Belgium c. Denmark d. Russia