Which of the following is NOT an example of endogenous change, in which internal validity is compromised because of natural developments in the subjects, independent of experimental treatment?

Which of the following is considered the biggest detriment to the commission and council-manager forms of government?

A. No one is assigned to oversee the city council. B. The voters are not well represented by the elected officials. C. They are used by almost all municipalities, so it is difficult to change them. D. The elected officials are typically partisan. E. There is not a single, strong political executive leader.

Which of the following is an unlikely economic situation during wartime?

A. Military spending increases. B. The population works harder for less pay. C. Short-term economic stimulation occurs. D. Governments choose to lower taxes.