A factor of production that cannot be easily changed in the relevant time period is called a

Transferable permits are likely to result in less inefficiency, relative to a pollution tax, when

a. The marginal costs of damages are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable b. The marginal costs of damages are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are steep c. The marginal costs of damages are relatively stable and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable d. The marginal costs of damages are relatively stable and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are steep e. The marginal costs of damage are elastic and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are also elastic

Which of these events would be most likely to permanently shift an individual's demand curve for umbrellas to the right?

(A) He moves from a desert community to a rainy city by the ocean. (B) Weather forecasters predict that a major hurricane will hit his city the coming week. (C) The price of umbrellas decreases significantly as inexpensive umbrellas are imported from China. (D) He buys a car, so he no longer needs to walk to and wait at a bus stop every morning to get to work.