In a study examining stereotype threat prevention (Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999), researchers administered a difficult math test to both men and women
Some students were told that males and females performed equally well on this test and others were told that there were gender differences in scores on the test. Which of the following best describes the outcome of this study?
a. Individuals in both conditions performed poorly regardless of their sex.
b. Female students performed similar to males in the no gender difference condition and performed more poorly than males in the gender difference condition.
c. Males and female performed well regardless of experimental condition.
d. The stereotype threat actually decreased in the gender difference condition rather than the no gender difference conditions.
b
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One of the major ideas behind the parallel distributed processing approach to memory is that
a. if one piece of information is missing, we cannot continue to perform the task. b. our memory for individuals is stored in terms of a hierarchy, from the most general to the most specific information. c. we can show spontaneous generalization, figuring out information about a group of people, based on information about the individual members of that group. d. general knowledge is stored in sensory memory and working memory, rather than in long-term memory.
The parallel distributed processing approach
a. is not consistent with the neurological properties of the brain. b. is especially strong in explaining how we solve problems. c. provides a comprehensive explanation for our ability to remember earlier material, even though that material was replaced by more recent information. d. emphasizes the growth in the strength of connections among items during the process of learning.