Robert Campin's Merode Altarpiece (fig. 18.21) is a diptych

The first known Roman forum dates from

a. the 6th century B.C. b. the reign of Julius Caesar. c. the 1st century A.D. d. the reign of Augustus.

In this depiction of an Ife king, what is the purpose of the parallel lines running down and around the face?

a) They represent the result of scarification, a process of decoration of the face. b) They suggest the surface material and appearance of a ceremonial mask worn by the king. c) They are contouring lines added by the sculptor to create a sense of light and shadow on the three-dimensional figure. d) They are symbolic of a king, identifying the sculpture as a royal portrait in contrast to a smooth-surfaced face representing a commoner.