Canadian psychiatrist Colin Ross is famous for his research on:

Thorndike's law of effect states that:

a) organisms have a tendency to revert to instinctual behaviors after a behavior patterns has been learned b) behaviors take longer to disappear- through the process of extinction- when thy have been acquired or maintained through partial, rather than continuous, reinforcement. c) organisms are capable of forming cognitive maps, or mental representations of the physical surroundings, without being aware of the process d) behaviors are more likely to be repeated when followed by a pleasurable outcomes and less likely to be repeated when followed by unpleasant outcomes.

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water, see bright lights, and hear loud noises. Shortly afterward, they are exposed to X-rays that cause nausea. What, if anything, do they learn to avoid?

a. Lights b. Noises c. Saccharin-flavored water d. Nothing