It is impossible for corporations to avoid trading their own gain against others' lives

According to Joseph Schumpeter, many Midwestern railroads:

a. were built too late and thus faced heavy competition from trucks. b. were built ahead of demand. c. were unnecessary because they followed routes already adequately served by other means of transportation. d. would have been built more quickly in the absence of government aid.

If an increase in output is proportionately smaller than the increase in inputs, this is best described as;

(a) Decreasing returns to scale. (b) Increasing returns to scale. (c) Constant returns to scale. (d) Marginal returns to scale.