Clinical findings associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia include which of the follow-ing?

1. Severe cyanosis
2. Decreased breath sounds
3. Displaced heart sounds
4. Hepatomegaly
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only

ANS: B
Physical examination may yield the following findings: scaphoid abdomen (because the ab-dominal contents are in the thorax), decreased breath sounds, displaced heart sounds (because the heart is pushed away from the hernia), and severe cyanosis (from lung hypoplasia and pul-monary hypertension).