Positive reinforcement _________ the occurrence of behavior through the _________ of something that is pleasant

Which of the following must occur before research with humans can be ethically conducted?

a. Professors in the researcher's department must verify that all research participants are individually briefed on the exact intent of the research. b. A panel of experts and community representatives must review the research before it is conducted c. Attorneys, usually a board of at least three, must examine the research for any potential violations of law contained in its design. d. Researchers must consult with at least two experts in research ethics and get them to "sign off" on their research before it is begun.

Research on the ways in which college students differ from others has found that college students ____

a. have intelligence levels similar to non-students b. have more experience with responsibility than non-students c. have less firmly-established self-concepts than do non-students d. are more likely to be ethnic minorities than are non-students