A toddler bumps his head on a table and then looks at the mother's reaction before getting upset. This example best demonstrates the principle of:

Research indicates that teachers' expectations of students ______

a. has little or no effect on student performance b. only positively affects the top student performers in a given class c. only negatively affects the poorest student performers in a given class d. can have a powerful positive or negative effect on student performance

Which of the following refers to the tendency for new memories to impair the retrieval of older memories as well as the tendency for older memories to impair one's retrieval of new memories?

a. suppression b. repression c. interference d. consolidation