Define and provide one example each of inductive and deductive reasoning.

In Marsha's history class, the students are given a choice of either writing a twelve-page paper or giving a twenty-minute oral presentation in front of the class. Marsha is having a difficult time making the decision because both are a lot of work. She is experiencing a(n) __________ conflict situation.

A. multiple approach-avoidance B. approach-approach C. avoidance-avoidance D. approach-avoidance

The item-validity index is key in determining

A. criterion-related validity. B. content validity. C. construct validity. D. All of these