The dominant traits of commitment are

Professor Lee wants to examine the effects of two different teaching methods on student

performance. She uses the first method of teaching in her 1st-year introductory course and the second method in her 2nd-year advanced course. She finds that student performances are better in the advanced class than in the introductory class. She concludes that the second teaching method is superior. What is the problem with her conclusion? a. The variables had invalid operational definitions. b. There was no control group for comparison. c. The presentation of teaching materials was not counterbalanced. d. Interrater reliability in measuring student performance was low. e. There is a confounding of students' year in school with teaching methods.

The term that refers to the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group status comes from

a) social comparison. b) social identity theory. c) downward social comparison. d) low self-esteem.