The successive approximation method:
a. was developed by Pavlov.
b. is an example of variable-ratio reinforcement.
c. is successful with animals but not humans.
d. is also called shaping.
ANS: D
FEEDBACK: Animals and humans demonstrate many more complex operant behaviors that have a much lower probability of occurring in the normal course of events. Skinner presented the method of successive approximation, or shaping, so that an experimenter or a parent can reinforce and condition a pigeon or a child to perform behaviors that are not likely to occur spontaneously.
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Research on hearing shows that
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