Striving for an external reward or to avoid an external punishment is called ___

Which statement is true about elderly widows and widowers?

a. A large majority of women in the United States is widowed by 60 years of age. b. Women tend to adjust to the loss of their spouse more readily than men. c. Older women are better off financially than are older men. d. Persons who have remained single feel less satisfied in late adulthood.

The tendency to give more weight to possible losses than to possible gains when making decisions that require trade-offs is known as ____

a. the certainty effect b. temporal discounting c. risk aversion d. the status quo bias