This perspective purports that substance use disorders begin with genetic predispositions characterized by a less-than-optimal reward circuit in the brain and a problematic temperament, combined with experiencing numerous stressors throughout childhood with inadequate parenting.

According to the text, when a pregnant mother becomes highly stressed a fetus may ______

develop a faster heart rate and move more frequently become very ill and sick hold their hands over their eyes, covering them suck their fingers and bite their nails

What gender-related information is tapped by the Occupations, Activities, and Traits scales

developed by Liben and Bigler ( 2002 )? __________, __________, and __________ Fill in the blanks with correct word