Which communication network shape is the most decentralized?

If you use the Internet, you are probably familiar with emoticons: facial expressions displayed using a combination of typographic figures, e.g., :-) for a smile. Asian countries have their own set of emoticons; in these (which are viewed without having to turn one's head), there are different smiling facial figures for a man smiling (^_^) and a woman smiling (^ . ^), since in Japan, women are not supposed to exhibit a wide, uninhibited smile. This difference between the men's and women's emoticons in Japan is due to a(n)

a. emblem. b. display rule. c. affect blend. d. decoding difference.

According to the textbook, abnormal behavior that is indicative of the person requiring psychological help is defined by the core feature of

a. being maladaptive. b. being statistically rare. c. involving subjective discomfort. d. being outside the realm of cultural relativity.