There is a range of nonconscious processes that rarely, if ever, impinge upon consciousness

In the context of a child's acquisition of particular meanings for words, which of the following exemplifies the principle of contrast?

a. A child says "white" when a parent says "black." b. A child gets confused when his mother calls his teddy bear "Theodore" instead of "Teddy." c. When a child says that he "runned home," a parent says "you ran home." d. One child has no difficulty learning word meanings, while a child just one year younger struggles.

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________

a. contingency blocking b. response generalization c. latent learning d. learned helplessness