When researchers are interested in studying questions, such as "What do infants really understand about the world?" and "How do babies put together information from their senses?" these researchers are interested in the area of ________ dev

Prior to Piaget's research, which of the following was an erroneous assumption about children's cognitive abilities?

Most people believed that children understood objects the same way that adults do. Most researchers believed that infants and small children were incapable of thinking. Most researchers believed that infants first came into the world without any cognitive abilities at all. Most people believed that children's education should be left totally in the hands of teachers.

Critics of the humanist approach argue that ________

a. it places too much emphasis on "nature," and not enough on "nurture." b. although the concepts are intuitively appealing, they are difficult to define operationally. c. although rational decision making is acknowledged, the dominant emphasis on the unconscious hinders research. d. the approach provides an excellent framework for interpreting personality in collectivist cultures, but is inadequate in individualist cultures.