A conditioned response is a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning

Once abuse begins,

A) the harshness tends to decrease. B) it quickly becomes part of a self-sustaining relationship. C) maltreating parents hyperfocus on their children. D) communication is as often as positive as it is negative.

In cognitive-developmental theory, the motivation for gender identification is driven by

a. the need to reduce anxiety b. the need to maintain a good self-image c. the need to receive rewards that follow behavior d. the need to understand the behaviors typical of one's gender