Bacon redefined the scientific approach to knowledge by introducing inductive reasoning as the starting point for new knowledge.

Why does the predictive validity of general aptitude tests decrease as the educational level of the students who take them increases?

a. More educated students have taken aptitude tests so frequently that for them such tests are no longer pure measures of aptitude. b. Comparisons of mental age with chronological age are inadequate for assessing the aptitude of older and more educated students. c. There is a relatively restricted range of aptitude test scores among students at higher educational levels. d. Among more educated students, motivation has a much greater effect on academic success than does aptitude.

When asked if there are more ice cream cones sold in November or July, Mary answers July immediately

She is surprised to find out that there is little to no difference between the two months in terms of ice cream cone sales. Mary's error is most clearly an example of A) imaginary correlation. B) common sense. C) superstitions. D) illusory correlation.