Psychosexual theory gives a greater role to the individual in shaping his or her own development than psychosocial theory

Which of the following details a conditioning theory of fear acquisition?

a) Justin learned to be afraid of tornadoes because his father told him they could destroy buildings and hurt people. b) Justin most likely developed his fear of tornadoes by watching his mother prepare for severe weather by checking the emergency kit, frequently searching the sky, and heading to the basement during severe thunderstorms even though the rest of the family remained upstairs. c) Justin's good friend lost his father at an early age when he was swept into a river by a strong tornado. Fearing he too could be taken from his family, Justin refused to leave the house when the weather was bad. d) The first time Justin heard the tornado warning sirens go off, he had a panic attack while waiting in the basement for the tornado to strike. Now, when the weather turns bad, Justin continually monitors his body for signs of an impending panic attack whether a tornado watch is issued or not.

Evaluating mechanisms for change is an important part of continuing assessment throughout treatment. Once such mechanism that can have a positive effect on treatment outcomes is

a) Therapist/patient alliance b) Therapist/patient discord c) Patient/family distancing d) Effects therapy has on the clinician