In addition to Freud's first three psychosexual stages, Dollard and Miller described a fourth stage,

Reasoning during Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning is __________

a) based on the internalized standards of others. b) based on doing the right thing so as to please others. c) based on the consideration of moral alternatives. d) based on the physical consequences of an act.

At 11, Vanessa's favorite activities are dirt-biking and rock-climbing. Her mother's repeated and pressing offers to take her shopping for a party dress and to sign her up for dance lessons can be seen as an example of

A) gender intensification. B) passive gene-environment interaction. C) informational social influence. D) maternal deprivation.