The volume of gas actually delivered to a patient by most positive-pressure ventilation is always less than that expelled from the machine. Which of the following factors help to explain this finding?
1. Gas compression under pressure
2. Presence of built-in leaks
3. Expansion of the ventilator circuitry
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1 and 3 only
ANS: D
First, gases are compressed when delivered under pressure. Thus, the generated volume (at at-mospheric pressure) occupies less space when delivered under pressure. Second, most ventilator circuits are somewhat compliant.
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