Which of the following statements about learning is true?
A) Learning and maturation are related but different concepts.
B) Learning does not involve changes in thinking.
C) Learning does not involve changes in behavior.
D) Learning can occur without having an experience.
A
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Ivan Pavlov used the term unconditioned to refer to . . .
A) a stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated. B) learning from the consequences of behavior. C) the process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones. D) stimuli and the automatic, involuntary responses they caused.
Of the following, which is the BEST example of naturalistic observation?
A) The school psychologist has administered aptitude tests to the sophomore class of Martin Luther King, Jr. High School. B) A researcher interested in the effects of caffeine upon learning provides high-caffeine drinks to an experimental group who are being taught a complicated game and provides caffeine-free drinks to a control group who are being taught the same game. C) A serial killer is subjected to a battery of psychological exams and intensive interviews in an effort to determine the factors that influenced his developmental pathway to homicidal behavior. D) Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms.