One claim that trade barrier proponents use to enforce environmental standards is that
A) environmental standards do not reduce industrial competitiveness and do not induce race-to-the-bottom, where countries are forced to rescind their standards in order to maintain employment.
B) high standards in industrialized nations motivates some firms to "export pollution" to developing countries by relocating their dirty industries.
C) enforcing environmental standards is essential, as there are no differences between labor standards and environmental standards.
D) all environmental impacts are non-transboundary.
E) None of the above.
B
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While Modigliani's LCH is similar to Friedman's PIH in several ways, it does differ in that it
A) assumes individuals base their consumption decisions on a time span greater than one year. B) assumes that individuals prefer to maintain a stable consumption pattern. C) attempted to reconcile the seemingly paradoxical cross-section and time-series empirical data. D) gives an important role to assets as a determinant of consumption behavior.