Early television programs that included African Americans cast them in secondary roles, with white, middle-class men and women in the primary roles. These depictions tended to perpetuate stereotypes.

In advocating the proposition "equipping cars with anti-lock brakes does not reduce

accidents," an argument claiming "drivers with ABS-equipped cars drive faster and follow closer than drivers without ABS" would constitute (a) an effect argument. (b) an inherency argument. (c) a significance argument. (d) a pre-emptive argument.

Richard believes that his past experiences have been generally negative and they still haunt him to this day. Zimbardo and Boyd would label him a __________ type

a. past negative b. present hedonistic c. present fatalistic d. past positive