New Dimensions Athletic Association was formed to administer youth soccer leagues and tournaments in a popular urban area. All board members recently resigned stating that they could no longer assume the risk of participating on a board that did not insure its volunteer members against serious player injuries and other unanticipated problems. Collectively, these members are

A. self-insuring against risk.
B. filing a grievance against the association.
C. participating in risk reduction.
D. avoiding risk.

D. avoiding risk.