Why is it hard to make causal conclusions if an independent variable involves a subject (or participant) variable?
What will be an ideal response?
Subject or participant variables involve measurement of differences in behavior across groups that share categorization based on a measured variable. Because the differences are pre-existing, we can't assume that the people in different groups form equivalent groups at the outset; they aren't randomly assigned. As such, there may be variables that affect behavior that are associated with membership in that group; differences in behavior may not really be due to differences in the measured variable.
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Under the Articles of Confederation, the state governments paid very little of the monies requisitioned by the federal government.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention were, for the most part
A. the same people who had written the Declaration of Independence. B. rich. C. intellectuals. D. young, but experienced. E. soldiers and veterans of the Revolutionary War.