Identify some of the cultural achievements of Spanish Jews beginning with the Umayyad caliphs, and explain their relationship to Spain’s Muslim rulers

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1. Jews had settled in Spain as early as 586 BCE, when Nebuchadnezzar II conquered Jerusalem and destroyed the First Temple in Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for Spain was Sepharad, and the Spanish Jews were thus known as Sephardim. Under the rule of the Umayyad caliphs, the Jewish population flourished to such an extent that some scholars refer to the period as the Golden Age of Jewish Culture. Jews served at the highest levels of government and participated in the Umayyad court. They dedicated themselves to the study of science and medicine, to the art of poetry, and to the study of Hebrew grammar.
2. The Umayyad caliphate in Spain ultimately collapsed in the eleventh century, breaking up into small competing states called taifas. Taifa Spain was far less tolerant of Judaism than the Umayyads. Nevertheless, Jewish culture still thrived, especially in Toledo and Córdoba. It was in Córdoba that Moses Maimonides, one of the greatest Jewish scholars, was born. Maimonides is renowned for being the first person to write a systematic summary of Jewish law, the Mishneh Torah. He also produced one of the great philosophical works of Judaism, Guide to the Perplexed, a work about the nature of God that would influence later Christian thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas.
3. One of the great Jewish poets of the era was Judah Halevi. In Córdoba, he wrote one of the best-known books of the era, The Book of Argument and Proof in Defense of the Despised Faith, later known as The Book of the Kuzari. This dialogue between a Jewish scholar and the pagan king of the Khazars is considered by many to be one of the most important works of Jewish philosophy. The book argues, among other things, that the special function of the Jewish people in God’s plan is to bring about the redemption of the world. Halevi was a poet of both secular and religious verse.