In a short-term memory task, chess masters organized a view of a chess board in terms of recognizable patterns rather than individual pieces. The technique being used is:

Which of these is an example of negative reinforcement?

A) Jimmyis yelled at for playing with Mom's purse B) Susan apologizes to her mother who then stops scolding her C) Mike receives a special merit badge for his coin-collecting hobby D) Mary's bike is taken awayfrom her when she says a bad word

Maccoby and Jacklin found evidence of gender differences in cognitive functioning in each of the following areas EXCEPT ______ abilities

a. performance c. spatial b. verbal d. mathematical