Batman and Penguin are running in the mayoral race for Gotham City. Batman decides to focus on the issues that will keep Gotham City safe and prosperous, rather than throw parties and hand out buttons like Penguin. According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, Batman is hoping to persuade voters using the __________ route.

A motorist takes his car to the garage for a tune-up. Unbeknownst to him, the mechanic tells the motorist that he tuned the car, when in fact he didn't. The motorist feels the car runs better. This illustrates

a. a double bind b. a placebo effect c. desensitization d. delusions of reference

Involvement in an abusive relationship (as the one who is being abused) would be most expected of an individual with __________ personality disorder.

A. antisocial B. borderline C. dependent D. schizotypal