State chartered banks must be members of the Fed

The idea behind price discrimination is

a. To be able to sell to high-value customers, who value the product most b. To be able to sell to the marginal customers, who are indifferent about the purchase c. To be able to sell to the low-value customers, who would otherwise not buy the product d. To be able to sell to both high and low value customers at different prices

All of these events will cause an increase (shift to the right) in the supply of real loanable funds EXCEPT:

a. An increase in the monetary base. b. A higher real risk-free interest rate. c. An increase in the nation's real income. d. All of the above shift the supply.