What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcement?
What will be an ideal response?
Primary reinforcers (like food, water, sex, and pain reduction) are innately reinforcing and they typically fulfill a
biological need. Secondary reinforcers (like money) do not fulfill any biologically need directly. They must be
associated with primary reinforcers.
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Which of the following illustrates the concept of negative reinforcement?
a. A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush." b. A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. c. A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber. d. A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache. e. A child is sent to his room after screaming at the dinner table.
The public health director of an urban area in the Southwestern U.S. has just presided over the opening of a new clinic that provide services for clients with panic disorder. She knows from the research that the clinic will probably serve ____
a. mostly Mexican Americans, as they are at a much higher risk than other groups b. a large portion of the community; the lifetime prevalence is roughly 12 percent c. twice as many women as men d. a diverse population without any other mental disorders