What are the two main theories related to cross-cultural differences?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Some have theorized that cross-cultural differences arise from geography: terrain, climate, and other environmental characteristics. For example, UCLA geography professor Jared Diamond (1999) argued that the existence of large land mammals (such as cattle) in Europe set Europeans on a path toward agriculture as opposed to hunting and gathering, which led to advances in writing and mathematics. Similarly, Asian cultures may value hard work and collective action more because land in Asia is often used to grow rice, and cultivating rice paddies is labor intensive. Another theory of cultural differences focuses on disease-causing pathogens, finding that regions more vulnerable to the spread of infectious disease are more likely to emphasize conformity to rules such as quarantines and mandatory vaccinations.
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What major shift in emphasis has taken place in developmental psychology across the last 20 years?
a. The field has become less experimental and more anecdotal. b. The study of adolescence has pretty much supplanted the study of childhood. c. The focus has broadened to include the entire life span. d. Cognitive theory has been largely replaced by behaviorism.
For young and old alike, reminiscence
A) is ruminative. B) occurs during times of life transition. C) reinforces negative stereotypes. D) occurs more often among people who are self-focused.