Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by

Which of the following is an example of a structured observation?

a. having mothers ask toddlers not to play with a particular attractive toy and observing the compliance of these toddlers b. observing the frequency of negative behaviors such as yelling and criticizing in the homes of troubled versus typical families c. asking kindergartners and first graders large numbers of identical questions regarding their feelings about school d. asking a teacher to rank order all the children in her class with reference to the children's level of friendliness towards classmates

Knowledge-training questions, like the question style used in IQ tests, are especially posed by whom?

a. Native-American parents b. African-American parents c. Latino parents d. Caucasian parents