A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response
A) removed; increases
B) removed; decreases
C) presented; increases
D) presented; decreases
Answer: A
Rationale: Negative reinforcement involves the strengthening of a behavior because it removes or diminishes a stimulus. For example, if a child is excused from chores for a week for getting good grades he or she is more likely to get good grades in the future because taking away the chores is reinforcing.
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Tucker is 2-years-old and has a habit of pinching people. A psychologist devised the following behavioral treatment plan to try to stop Tucker from pinching. Since Tucker's favorite toy was a garbage truck, the psychologist directed his parents to give Tucker the toy to play with as long as he did not pinch people. If Tucker began to pinch, then they were to take the toy away from Tucker for varying lengths of time. Tucker's parents were asked to record the number of times Tucker pinched during each day. Tucker stopped pinching after the first three weeks of treatment. Then, the treatment program was gradually withdrawn over the next month. In this ABAB design scenario, which element represents the "B" phase?
a) the garbage truck to play with if Tucker did not pinch b) the daily frequency of Tucker's pinching c) no garbage truck to play with regardless if Tucker did or did not pinch d) the overall duration of the plan
Like traits, factors are
A) broad. B) quantitative. C) qualitative. D) developmental stages.