Of the following, how are individuals most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance?
a. By pretending they did not perform a particular behavior.
b. By reducing their total number of cognitions.
c. By adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behavior.
d. By decreasing their arousal.
Answer: C
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Ethan took part in a research study in which he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep for three consecutive nights. Now that Ethan is back at home, it is likely that he will
a. develop insomnia and show general disturbances in his sleep patterns. b. spend extra time in slow-wave sleep for several nights. c. spend less time in slow-wave sleep than he did before he took part in the study. d. spend extra time in both slow-wave and REM sleep for several nights.
Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether or not the word described them (rather than, for example, if the word had been printed in large letters). Researchers interpret this to mean that
A. the participants had to think about the word more when asked if it described them. B. the self description questions generated more interest for the participants than the other questions. C. the self description questions generated a stronger emotional reaction for the participants than the other questions. D. the participants processed the information for the self description questions through a self schema.