Explain how a specific phobia could be acquired through classical conditioning, being sure to identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in your example. Also, using classical conditioning, indicate how the phobia could be eliminated
What will be an ideal response?
Good responses to this question should clearly identify a stimulus that is neutral and which occurs before a significant biological event that produces strong fear. The response should also indicate that the stimulus becomes conditioned, and there is now a conditioned response (a phobia) to the event that was originally neutral. Very good responses might indicate that the fear would generalize to other stimuli that share similar characteristics with the original stimulus and that the fear response may be maintained by negative reinforcement (avoidance or escape). All responses should also indicate that the phobia may be eliminated through extinction (exposure to the CS without the expected US).
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In emerging adulthood, _______________________________
a. rates of residential change in American society are much higher at ages 18 to 29 than at any other period of life b. there is a sense of optimism about being able to "get where I want to be in life" among those from individualistic cultures, but not for those from collectivistic cultures c. the focus on self-exploration means that individuals are more egocentric than their adolescent counterparts d. the feeling "in-between" is unique to those in the United States and Canada because emerging adults in other cultures tend to remain at home, rather than moving out
Suppose that you show a small boy two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size, shape, and weight)
You ask him if the two bars are the same, and he says "Yes." You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches. You are surprised when he now asks if he can have the cut up fudge because it has more candy than the intact bar. This episode illustrates that the youngster: a. probably is retarded. b. lacks the concept of object permanence. c. is in the preoperational stage. d. is in the concrete operational stage.