All of the following are factors that will shift the demand curve except

Even though it may seem that nations have a wide variety of policy options to stabilize their economies, there are a number of issues to be considered and overcome. Which of the following is NOT an issue confronting policy makers?

A) the desire to maintain fixed exchange rates or membership in a pegged currency bloc B) long and uncertain time lags when policy effects will occur C) the pass-through issue, when little effect occurs on the real effective exchange rate D) international controls that limit the ability of any nation to determine its exchange rate policy

Scarcity results from the fact that

A) people's wants exceed the resources available to satisfy them. B) not all goals are desirable. C) we cannot answer the major economic questions. D) choices made in self-interest are not always in the social interest. E) the population keeps growing.