Which of the following is not a self-serving tendency used to enhance self-esteem?
a. People tend to take credit for their successes, but not their failures.
b. People underestimate the probability of positive outcomes and overestimate the probability that they will experience negative outcomes
c. People overestimate the extent to which they can control personal outcomes.
d. People bolster their optimism by linking their individual attributes to desirable outcomes.
b
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In Sperling's study of sensory memory, participants saw a grid of letters flashed for a fraction of a second. They were then asked to report:
a) one of three lines of letters. b) only one or two of the letters in the cued line. c) the first letter of each line only. d) the middle letter of each line.
What cues can overshadow the literal meaning of the words we speak?
a) metalanguage b) display rules c) appraisal rules d) nonverbal communication