Which of the following states of the world is NOT required for dividend policy to be irrelevant?

What four types of sources or spokespersons can advertisers utilize?

What will be an ideal response?

Panel data's advantages over survey data include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) changes in brand loyalty can be measured. B) more committed respondents give more accurate information. C) recall errors are eliminated when panelists record information at the time of purchase. D) human errors are eliminated if electronic devices are used. E) minorities and low-education groups are most always represented in sufficient numbers among purchase panel respondents.